Welcome to one of the Interpretation Department’s obsessions! The Edwin Tappan Adney collection at The Mariners’ Museum and Park include 120 canoe models. Adney lived from 1868-1950. He was from the United States but fell in love with canoes when he was on vacation in Canada at the age of 19. For Adney, building canoe models was not a hobby. He felt that it was his duty to document as many of the boats as he could. The models were made ¼ sized and sometimes ⅕ sized. He learned some of the building methods from Native builders. For example, Frank Atwin, Passamaquoddy, was one of his teachers. This is an outstanding photograph, showing the size of the models.
阿德尼（Adney）的计划是使用模型来说明一本关于独木舟的书。不幸的是，沮丧意味着他的想法没有支持者。然后，他试图将这些模特出售给几个不同的博物馆，但他没有接受者。Adney最终将其作为1,000美元贷款的抵押品。博物馆的买家听说了这一点，还清了贷款和424美元的利息（！）。阿德尼（Adney）死后，阿德尼（Adney）的儿子向博物馆捐赠了所有论文，笔记，素描和著作。
From Erika Cosme:
从我们收集建于Adney模型1931 and represents the birch bark canoe, used in the Athabascan culture for hundreds of years. The Athabascan Indigenous culture extends from Alaska into parts of Canada and the Northern United States where birch trees are native. Birch was a great boat building material for the native people.
树皮被用作外层皮肤的独木舟。The boatbuilders would cut down birch trees, and shave off long strips of the bark, which would be attached to the ribs and hull of the canoe. The ribs holding the boat together were often made from cedarwood. The final look of the design is a long, flat bottom, with wide sides that sharply narrow at the bow and stern. To help keep them waterproof and prevent any water from getting into the canoe, the seams of the boat would have been sealed with pitch, a tar-like substance made from the tree sap of a spruce tree.
This side view is a great angle to show the gunwales. This portion of the boatbuilding was typically done by the women, as was patchwork and repairing. Although a popular and useful type of canoe, Adney notes that his model represents an ancient and long discontinued form. As better manufacturing materials became available, and a higher demand for these canoes was made as Europeans moved into the Athabascan territory, the Athabascan people could not keep up with production.
From Emily Clause:
Adney’s model of a Tête de Boule canoe showcases the type of birch bark canoe that the Tête de Boule people used in their daily lives and constructed for French fur traders at the height of the fur trade in North America. Similar to the Athabascan people, the Tête de Boule lived in an area where they had access to superior birch bark. This, in combination with the high demand for canoes from French fur traders, meant that many of the Tête de Boule were experts in the construction of birch bark canoes.
têtede boule或Atikamekw也众所周知，住在魁北克的上圣莫里斯河谷。他们居住的地区是他们称为Nitaskinan的祖先土地，转化为我们的土地。今天，têtede boule人仍然生活在该地区，大约有四到五千人生活在三个储备上：曼万，佩蒂奇万和韦莫塔西。têtede boule这个名字起源于法国的皮草交易者，他们意识到这些土著人剪短了头发，这与其他传统上保持头发的土著人不同。因此，têtedeboule（意为圆头或球头）。
The construction of Tête de Boule birch bark canoes is similar to that of the Athabascan birch bark canoe. The reason that birch bark was the best material for canoes is that it is flat, hard, lightweight, and could be waterproofed. The frame of the canoe was built from planks of cedar, joints were sewn together with roots from pine or spruce trees, and the outside skin of the canoe was made from birch bark. In comparison to the canoes of other native people, the Tête de Boule canoe was generally narrower on the bottom. The bottom of the canoe was mostly flat with an upwards curve at the stern and bow of the canoe.
从历史上看，Têtede Boule独木舟在助长北美皮草贸易方面发挥了重要作用。从17世纪开始，法国人开始雇用Têtede Boule人来建造和划桨独木舟。独木舟became so important to the fur trade that the French even established the world’s first canoe factory at Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, in 1750. When the fur trade began to decline in the 19th century, the use of the canoe lessened, but native people were continually hired by fur trading companies like the Hudson’s Bay Company.
From Marc Nucup:
The Beothuk of Newfoundland used their bark canoes in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The canoe, orJapathuk, had tall sides that allowed it to weather Atlantic swells and waves. The cut-outs at the front and rear of the boat still allowed for two paddlers to reach the water with ease. The 20-foot V-shaped hull, however, required ballast stones to keep it steady. Besides hunting marine birds, seals, and dolphins, the Beothuk could chase and harass small whales to the beach. The ancestors of the Beothuk may have been theSkraelingsof Norse epic, meaning they could have inhabited Newfoundland for more than 600 years before European settlement in 1610. The community struggled as colonization forced them away from the coast. The last documented member of the tribe died in 1829.
来自Lauren Furey：
Wolastoqiyik的意思是用自己的语言的“美丽河流人”，长期以来一直沿着缅因州新不伦瑞克省的圣约翰河和魁北克的圣劳伦斯河居住。从历史上看，欧洲人用mi’kmaq的单词“ Maliseet”提到了Wolastoqiyik，将英语翻译成“破碎的说话者”。根据Mi’Kmaq的说法，Wolastoqiyik语言是他们自己的破碎版本。他们的语言被认为是东方阿尔冈斯语家族的一部分，其中还包括Mi’kmaq，Abenaki，Passamaquoddy和Penobscot。
The Maliseet included three different types of canoes in their culture: birch bark, canvas, and moose hide. Canvas would have been adopted after contact with the Europeans. This model is actually constructed from deer hide, as Adney found it was easier to work with because it wasn’t as bulky as moose hide would have been. Rawhide was used for attaching the hide to the gunwales. This model is 32” long, 10” wide, and 6” deep. On the actual canoes, the hide was “frost tanned” using soap and water, freezing, and scraping while frozen.
今天，加拿大有六个Wolastoqiyik海事社区，缅因州有一个。在2016年的人口普查中，有7,635人被确定为拥有Wolastoqiyik血统。
来自紫藤佩里：
Mi’kmaq（发音为“ Meeg Mah”），也称为Micmac，是与欧洲探险家和商人互动的最早的人，并且是加拿大大西洋省的原始居民。今天，Mi’kmaq在新斯科舍省，新不伦瑞克省，魁北克，纽芬兰，缅因州和马萨诸塞州波士顿，地区的Mi’kmaq直播。众所周知，他们有几种不同类型的桦树皮独木舟 - 有些是为河流和湖泊航行的，而另一些则是为了远距离旅行的途径。
Mi’kmaq Restigouche粗糙的水Birchbark独木舟是其中一个河流独木舟的一个例子。根据新不伦瑞克省的加拿大文明博物馆的Mi’kmaq独木舟，该型号建于1926年。它是50.5英寸或⅕实际独木舟的大小。Birchbark的使用使独木舟轻巧，具有远景且易于修复。Mi’kmaq猎杀了海豹，驼鹿，驯鹿，海狸，熊，冶炼，鲱鱼，候鸟，鳗鱼和贝类。这些船今天仍在鲑鱼闻名的Restigouche河上使用。
You can learn more on our website! Just follow the link and search “Adney”. You’ll be able to see many of the models as well as some of the sketches, smaller pieces, and books in the Museum’s Collection.
https://catalogs.m.boxorats.com/search
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