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Lots of Mud, a Battleship, a Ferry, a T-shirt, High Tides, and a UFO.

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美国威斯康星州（BB-63）

What do a Battleship, 1950, mud, high tides, a Hudson River Ferry, a T-shirt, and a UFO all have in common?

To find out how they interconnect, let’s start with the Battleship USS MISSOURI (BB-63). In 1950, the ship was already famous for her participation in WWII, and because the surrender that ended the war was signed on her deck. MISSOURI was nicknamed the “Mighty Mo” by her crew, but she was also known as the “Big Mo” to the public and in news reports. She would soon live up to them both names when she managed to get into a mighty big mess.


It all began on January 17, 1950. MISSOURI left Norfolk Naval Base and headed towards the Atlantic Ocean to begin a routine training cruise to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Her Captain, William D. Brown, was new to the battleship, having just joined the crew in December. While he was an experienced naval officer, his previous commands had been submarines and destroyers and he had been on shore duty since the end of World War II. Although Captain Brown had taken MISSOURI on a few short trips off the coast of Virginia after he took command, he was essentially unfamiliar with the battleship and this would be his first time taking her out for a cruise.

The Navy had set up an acoustic range to capture the signature sounds made by ships and it was close to MISSOURI’s departure point. Captain Brown had been asked to take a previously unplanned trip through the range on his way out, and he was told that buoys had been set up to mark the area. This was important since the range was very close to shallow water.

Things started to go wrong pretty quickly. It turned out that some of the buoys had been removed and the navigational charts hadn’t been updated with that information. Not all the ship’s officers knew about the plan to take MISSOURI through the range, and some of them only heard about it just before the battleship headed in that direction. Another complication was that the range area was close to a fishing channel that was also marked with buoys.

布朗发现他认为是t的标志he right edge of the acoustic range and ordered the battleship to the left of the buoy. He ignored warnings by the navigator and the executive officer’s attempts to alert him, not realizing until much too late that he had made a mistake. Even though the tide was unusually high that day, MISSOURI was heading into the fishing channel and shallow water.

上午8:17，“强大的莫”在切萨皮克湾击中了一个沙洲，距离顶尖的浅滩光线和半脚下，距离旧点舒适。旅行在12.5结的战舰中，进入沙洲，射出船，将她从水线上方大约七英尺抬起。
现在，这艘船刚刚在梦露堡陆地基地困扰着靠近顶针浅滩灯塔，航运渠道，以及海军基地的视线。

在几天内，文章将开始出现在全国各地的报纸上，即“强大的Mo”或“大莫”。这些文章迅速接下来，有多次失败的尝试在接下来的两周内释放战列的报告。不仅为旁观者和读者带来娱乐，而且对海军也有很大的羞辱。陆军人员，发现整个情况搞笑，发现了一个新的爱好。在孟罗德堡官员的俱乐部的设施中，在写信和编写包含关于如何释放战列关系的建议的电报。公众也参与并发送了建议。海军淹没了想法，其中包括来自印第安纳州的一个五岁男孩的想法，他们告诉他们他们只需要修理船的底部，这样她就可以再次漂浮。

After numerous failed attempts using a large number of tugboats, military vessels, small explosive charges, dredging, large cables, and other methods, MISSOURI was finally refloated on February 1, 1950, during another unusually high tide. Even after the ship was freed, the jokes continued. For most of 1950, anytime an accident involved a large amount of mud, the nickname “Mo” surfaced again. A situation was a “Big Mo,” like a plane that slid off an icy runway into the mud. A car that imitated the “Big Mo” or two boats that went aground in mud off New Jersey on the same day and the efforts to free them was named “Operation Big Mo”.

So now on to April 1950, the ferryboat and a point on the Hudson River in New York. There, two cities are located across from each other on the river. Newburgh, located in Orange County, and just one and a half miles away, Beacon in Dutchess County. Both cities are about 55 miles from the New York metropolitan area. The Newburgh-Beacon Ferry system provided transport between the two cities with three commuter ferries named ORANGE, DUTCHESS, and BEACON. Usually, two of the three boats were in service at the same time, each moored at the opposite side of the river and they passed each other in the middle during their runs. The first run of the day began around 7am and it took about 15 minutes to reach the other side of the river.Read more

汉普顿道路History Uncategorized

第二次世界大战营地山神秘......

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S / SGT。John B. Dyer，Jr.，34327356，Rockwood，Tenn。，3164th QM公司，营地山，祝贺Anna B. Palmer，纽波特新闻，纽波特，谁刚刚被命名为Camp Hill，HRPE，纽波特新闻，VA。（存档＃P0003 / 01-＃E-13990）

Dearest Mariners’ Blog Readers, I need your help with something. A short while ago, I was perusing our collection as I often do, in search of an interesting February lecture topic. Each month, I meet with the docents (at present, this is done virtually), and give a short presentation on an object in our collection. And for February, I was on the hunt for something relating to World War II and Black History – I was hoping we maybe had an object belonging to Francis Wills or Harriet Ida Pickens. Alas, I had no such luck. But what I did happen upon is actually far more intriguing and exciting.

引起了我的眼睛的初始对象是上面的照片，具有目录标题Anna Palmer，营地山的母亲。我立即有很多问题：谁是安娜帕尔默？什么是营地妈妈？这个营地山是什么？据我所知，难民山在第一次世界大战后被遗弃 - 这可能是同一个阵营？虽然是完全诚实的，但我远离汉普顿道路港口的专家。事实证明，这张照片是我们收藏中的600多个，其中包括逆转铭文中的“营地山，HRPE”的一些变化 - 陆军信号队在其准确标记的照片中勤奋。

I’ll admit, I foolishly thought this would be an easy research task. It was only a little over a year ago that the exhibit Answering America’s Call: Newport News in WWI closed, and I assumed that there would be a wealth of information on Camp Hill as it operated during World War II. I was quite wrong. My initial searches in our library, online, and in the various research databases returned almost no information, and I was consistently rerouted to information on Camp Hill as it functioned in World War I.

Camp Hill, as part of the Hampton Roads Ports of Embarkation during both World Wars, was named after Confederate Lt. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill. For the first world war, construction began in 1917, and after two years of service, the camp was abandoned in 1919. Just like other ports of embarkation, the camp was used for housing and training of troops awaiting overseas transfer. Camp Hill specifically was one mile long, was comprised of 200 buildings, and held warehouses for war supplies, as well as corrals that could accommodate 20,000 animals. The camp could also hold 10,000 troops.

And yet, we have proof that Camp Hill was fully functional during World War II with this large set of photographs – with the very detailed labeling, we can see who was photographed, and what they are doing at the time of the photograph. But what we don’t have is context – how were the functions of this version of Camp Hill different from World War I? And why has this camp, which appears to be a “Separate but Equal” staging camp, effectively eliminated from history books and scholarship?

Only the tiniest bit of light has been shed with the 1946 book, The Road to Victory: a History of Hampton Roads Ports of Embarkation during World War II by W. Reginald Wheeler, a 2-volume set we are lucky to have at the Museum. In the book, Camp Patrick Henry is given the most spotlight, with other mentions of Camps in Norfolk and Newport News, and Camp Hill is given the least amount of focus. In the first volume, the Camp is only mentioned 4 times, naming the 277th Quartermaster Battalion that was assigned for warehouse and pier training and that barracks were built for military police, labor battalions, and stevedore trainees. The second volume gives information on the morale services that were available to soldiers and their families.

这就是我需要你的帮助,因为我和我们的基于“增大化现实”技术chivist continue on this project and look through army archives and newspaper records. We want to fill the gap in historical research that has left this story untold. So readers, if you are, or have a family member or friend who served in WWII and was staged at Camp Hill, please share your story with us! I encourage you to look through our photos and see if you recognize anyone – (https://catalogs.m.boxorats.com/search?search_catalog=Archives&query=camp%20hill). Luckily, the U.S. Army Signal Corps has already done a lot of the work by providing the names of each person pictured. In my searching, I found the above photo which has Capt. F.D. Pollard – and I believe this gentleman is Frederick Douglas “Fritz” Pollard Jr. who won bronze in the 100m hurdles at the 1936 Olympics. You might just have the same luck – and we could definitely use your help!

汉普顿道路History Photography

WWII期间Hampton Roads：USO俱乐部

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Dance floor at Service Club C. Naval Ammunition Depot Band played for the benefit of Enlisted men & their ladies to gave a round of applause to Lt. Burgess for his efforts in making the evening a success. (archive numberP0003/01-#J-9176)

While the most recognizable way for individuals to serve their country at times of war is through the service branches, there have historically been many other ways in which people served their country abroad and at home. For example, the United Service Organizations, better known as USO, a nonprofit-charitable organization which provides leisure facilities and shows to United States Armed Forces was founded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1941, to “unite several service associations into one organization to lift the morale of [the] military and nourish support on the home front” (USO.com/about).

In fact, d据估计，世界大战，估计全球约有3,000美元俱乐部，而且汉普顿道路Port of Embarkation也不例外。USO俱乐部帮助士兵在家中感到宾至如归，并让他们有机会离开工作和战争的现实。他们提供休闲，如舞蹈，乒乓球桌和其他游戏;娱乐，有时乐队甚至好莱坞名人会出现（！）;他们经常有一个小吃店，卖三明治，抽烟和苏打水（但不是白酒！）来服务人们。

During WWII the US military was, unfortunately, still a segregated institution. This included not only the US service branches, but their various volunteer and women’s groups (some of which we’ve already written about) like theWomen’s Army Corps (WAC),Army Nurse Corps (ANC), Women’s Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES), and Semper Paratus Always Read (SPARS); USO clubs were no exception. Many Black, Indigenous, and People of Color served and supported the war effort despite these discriminatory regulations, though. But that did not mean their work was not hard, or in many cases even unsupported. This also meant that African American service-people and civilians had to work to open an African American USO Club at HRPE.

“African American women found themselves not only providing all unpaid labor for the USO Colored Division staff but also finding money to provide facilities for the soldiers. However frustrating it was, helping with the USO provided a real center of power by enabling black women to provide important infrastructure for housing and entertaining millions of troops. Because the USO and Red Cross considered black troop morale an after thought in their recreation programs, women raised money to start troop centers in their own cities” (Shockley, 42-43).

USO俱乐部还为妇女提供了有价值的方式来帮助战争努力。他们经常被民众妇女的竞争和协调，该地区是高级或初级女主人的角色。高级女主人在35岁以上的已婚妇女，通常是一些站在当地社区。他们组织并协调了社交活动和舞蹈，以及小吃店的食物供应。总而言之，他们确保每次活动都顺利，并担任USO俱乐部的骨干。高级女主人还担任初级女主人的陪伴。

初级女主人是单身年轻女性，他们自愿参与士兵和主办社交活动。他们是在非常严格的资格下选择的。A Detroit reporter wrote “We learned in our visit to the servicemen’s center that the young women known as junior hostesses are only selected after careful and painstaking appraisal … they undergo a training which consists of lectures on personality, appearance, topics to be discussed and those to be avoided…” (Shockley, 43). They had to follow a strict set of rules as a part of the USO. Junior Hostesses were not allowed to date servicemen that they met at USO clubs, and they were not allowed to drink on the job. They were also required to take a yearly class on charm, etiquette, and the duties of USO Hostesses.

初级女主人也有一点穿着允许的制服 - 不允许休闲裤！在下面的图像中，您可以看到右边的初级女主人是在一个USO女主人制服中，在女性军装的时间之后。穿着制服不是要求;然而，如下图所示的女主人到左侧，谁穿着最好的“平民衣服”。

All of these rules were vital in protecting these young women and retaining the respectability of the USO program. Even while recognizing that these women provided a significant morale boost, “there was no getting around the fact that having eighteen- to twenty year-old unmarried women provide entertainment made tenants of ‘respectability’ questionable” (Shockley, 42). And in a day and age where women were particularly critiqued for their femininity and sexualization (both too much or too little), these trainings, rules, and the chaperone program became integral to the hostess program.

While Senior and Junior Hostesses mainly worked at USO clubs to sell snacks, attend dances, play cards, and help entertain soldiers, they came up with other creative ways to support the war effort, too. At some clubs, Junior Hostesses would set up button sewing or uniform mending stations. At other clubs, hostesses helped soldiers write and organize their letters home. Creativity was also implemented in dance admission by “charging” scraps for scrap drives or collecting cigarettes to send overseas.

高级和初级女主人一起工作，帮助娱乐服务人员，并在严肃的时间内为他们的生活带来一些利维。通过提供一个社区和快乐的地方，USO女主人有助于将服务成员保持在服务期间与家庭，家庭和国家联系起来。

At The Mariners’ Museum, we are lucky to have a fair number of HRPE images that show both Black USO personnel and involved service members. This may be in large part because Hampton Roads had several USO Clubs including an African American Service Club. Since Black, Indigenous, and People of Color’s contributions are, frankly, under-represented in our HRPE photo collection, we are excited to share this story illustrated purely by images of these men and women.

To all the USO staff, volunteers, and contributors – thank you.

Biblio：

https://www.uso.org/about?gclid=Cj0KCQiAyJOBBhDCARIsAJG2h5dgpp66rCSpbnhjM70UM2MCnSbpOcJdK0O_A4ya2I4Sd2YwiiyL1NEaAp2IEALw_wcB

https://books.google.com/books?id=b3aif7TFWDQC&pg=PA39&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.uso.org/stories/149-in-the-uso-s-early-years-hostesses-provided-a-wholesome-morale-boost

https://www.uso.org/stories/111-13-things-you-probably-did-not-know-about-the-uso-during-world-war-ii#:~:text=USO%20clubs%20were%20everywhere.,has%20about%20160%20locations%20worldwide.

https://www.uso.org/stations/34-a-different-way-of-serving.

https://www.uso.org/stories/460-black-history-month-and-the-uso

汉普顿道路History Library & Archives Staff Voices

WWII期间汉普顿道路：陆军护士兵团

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Major Walter C. Stebbins stands with the 81st Field Hospital Unit during debarkation. To his right is Captain Eileen E. Donnelly Chief Nurse of the 81st Field Hospital Unit since its activation.

美国陆军护士队（ANC）于1901年由美国国会正式建立。妇女在以前的战争中担任护士，但直到1901年，他们正式就陆军工资核算。当20,000名注册护士加入时，ANC没有看到大量的现役护士直到第一次世界大战。WWI结束后的数字掉落，1941年在ANC中有少于1,000名护士。爆炸珍珠港的人数迅速增长;六个月后，有超过12,000人的免税护士。在第二次世界大战的过程中，ANC中服务超过59,000名护士，many serving abroad in North Africa, England, Burma and the Southwest Pacific.

While many of the enrollees had nursing experience, few had military experience. A four week training course was instituted for ANC Nurses which taughtArmy organization; military customs and courtesies; field sanitation; defense against air, chemical, and mechanized attack; personnel administration; military requisitions and correspondence, and property responsibility.护士在军队的所有领域工作 - 他们在受伤的任何地方都走了，在第二次世界大战期间，他们在靠近前线工作。Nurses served under fire in field hospitals and evacuation hospitals, on hospital trains and hospital ships, and as flight nurses on medical transport planes.

所有剧院的护士都有意思认为护士正在经历港口的港口，如汉普顿的登船港（HRPE）。就像其他服务男女一样，护士会收到陆军住房，直到开始的日子。在HRPE，他们也将被视为家庭的奢侈品，如在国外送到国外之前的假日庆典，舞蹈和咖啡和甜甜圈，其中有限。

You can see from these pictures that the Nurses had very similar uniforms to the Women’s Army Corps and to the male soldiers in the Army. Field Uniforms were especially similar across the board, and made with function in mind. Often the red cross arm badge was the only thing distinguishing a Nurse from a Soldier.

The need for more hands during the war meant more opportunities and roles available to women than in years past. At the beginning of WWII, nurses held a ‘relative rank’ to male soldiers in the Army. Nurses entered the ANC with a relative rank of second lieutenant. The majority of nurses remained at this rank, though some were promoted to first lieutenant or captain. The highest rank held by an ANC was colonel. While nurses received some benefits of the relative rank, like access to officers clubs and salutes, they did not receive equal pay for rank. However, in 1944, the Army granted its nurses officers’ commissions and full retirement privileges, dependent allowances, and equal pay.

那样，正如现在，很重要的是要感谢所有的工作护士，让我们保持健康和安全。如果你认识护士，今天告诉他们“谢谢”！

https://www.med-dept.com/articles/the-army-nurse-corps/

https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/72-14/72-14.HTM

https://www.americannursinghistory.org/military-nursing-world-war2

http://www.sarahsundin.com/army-nursing-in-world-war-ii-training-and-rank/

https://u-s-history.com/pages/h1712.html.

汉普顿道路History Library & Archives Staff Voices

汉普顿道路during WWII: the WACs

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The Women’s Army Corps (WAC) was formed in 1942; originally it was the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), but it was converted to active duty status in 1943. This made WACs unique to other women’s military groups, because it was the first time, and the only group, that integrated women into the United States Military. Around 150,000 women volunteered to serve in the WAC during World War II. Women were not allowed to fulfill ‘active combat’ roles in the military, but that still left over 250 support roles in the army to step into, from stenographer to map maker, photographer to truck driver, mechanic to switchboard operator. All of these positions were vital to the war effort. Many of the women who joined the WAC had a relative or sweetheart already serving, and hoped to bring their loved ones home sooner by aiding in the war effort.

Most of these women served on the homefront, taking over office and other non-combat jobs so that men were able to go overseas to fight. These women were stationed in every type of state-side Army installation, working with the Army Service Forces, Ground Forces, the Army Air Forces, and in Army Hospitals.

WACs arrived at the Hampton Roads Port Of Embarkation (HRPE) on April 10, 1943 and worked at the port until the beginning of 1946, when they were either discharged or transferred (Library of Virginia; Daily Press; 03 February 1946). “Their work was so outstanding that more Wacs were requisitioned and three complete companies of Wacs are working there now” (The Times Dispatch, 25 March 1944).

在HRPE工作的WACS满足了许多角色。许多人组织了士兵，护士和用品的运输到海外。他们组织了抵达和离开，旅馆等等。几个曾担任军队办公室的秘书或夹具。其他人曾担任机械师，测试和维护在海外运输的车辆。在一份报纸文章中，鼓励妇女加入HRPE的WAC，陈述：“现在迫切需要妇女在汉普顿道路上填补重要的战争工作。交通兵团WACS开放的一些工作如下：文员打字员，语言，调度员，传送车和船只 - X射线和牙科技术人员。“（时代派出，1944年3月25日）。

The WACs weren’t all work, though, the port boasted a women’s softball, tennis, and basketball team, the women were given time to ride horses, visit the beaches, see the local sites (including The Mariners’ Museum, Colonial Williamsburg, and the Virginia War Museum), participate in dances and socials, and more!

Some WACs, stationed at HRPE and elsewhere, departed from the port when they were stationed abroad, too. In fact, nearly 1.5 million men and women were processed in and out of the port during the war (在1945年11月的月份，港口剥落了127,000人，超过了152,000吨货物！）（每日新闻，2017年6月17日;每日新闻报，1945年12月7日）。1943年7月抵达欧洲剧院（ETO）在欧洲剧院（ETO）的第一个营抵达伦敦。这些WACS提供了各种职业，但对交换机运营商和打字员仍有特别的需求。随着战争的进展，更多的WAC被派往国外，以支持战争努力，驻扎在法国，意大利，德国和大陆上的许多其他地方。首次WAC公司HRPE的一些成员也被送到太平洋剧院，特别是新几内亚（每日新闻，1945年2月5日）。

通过HRPE，将被安置并组织WAC，直到他们准备发货，就像任何其他军事人员一样。WACS将获得重要信息，就他们到达时，他们到达时要期待什么。他们也将在HRPE的红十字会志愿者提供一些“最后的家庭舒适的家庭”，如晚上舞蹈，热狗，咖啡和甜甜圈。

我们特别幸运，在海滨博物馆和公园，以700多张照片展示了亚博平台网址展示WACS，并通过HRPE旅行。这些包括宣传照片，培训照片，生活方式照片，活动和游行照片以及工作照片。这是一个惊人的资源！

http://librarygallery.m.boxorats.com/exhibits/show/hrpe/intro

https://www.newspapers.com/search/legacy/#query=WACs+Hampton+Roads+port+of+Embarkation&dr_year=1943-1946&p_place=VA

https://www.dailypress.com/news/newport-news/dp-nws-ww2-port-of-embarkation-hampton-roads-20170616-story.html